How Can I Tell If a Countertop Job Was Done Well

Within one sixteenth of an inch is how flat two pieces of stone should sit across a seam, and a fingertip will find anything more. Most countertops in Jackson, MS get judged at the seam, the edge and the sink cutout, and the notes at countertops jackson icfem 2008 treat those three places as the test of a finished job.
Seams and where they land

A well made seam is tight, flat across both pieces, and filled with color matched adhesive. Run a fingertip across it. A raised lip means the pieces were set at different heights. Seams are normal on long runs, so a good job is not one with no seams, it is one where the seam placement was planned. On granite, quartzite or marble with strong veining, a careful fabricator lines up the pattern across the joint where the slab layout allows it.
Look at the slab before it is cut

Natural stone varies from sample to slab. A small sample overstates how even the material is, and it cannot show the movement in a full slab of marble or the clouding in soapstone. Ask to see the actual slab before cutting and approve the color and pattern then. A remnant can suit a vanity or a small bar top, but the same check applies.
Edge profile
The edge profile should match in shape and polish along its whole length. Check the corners and the seams, because that is where hand work shows. An eased edge, a bullnose and a waterfall edge each have a different failure. Eased edges go uneven in radius, bullnose edges flatten on one side, and waterfall edge miters open at the top. Thicker stone is not automatically better work, so judge the finish and not the thickness.
Level, support and overhang
After templating and install, press down near the edge. The top should not rock, and there should be no hollow spots under it. An overhang at a bar or island needs hidden steel supports or brackets once it extends past what the material can carry alone. Quartz and porcelain can crack at a cutout corner or an unsupported span, and a long granite overhang can fail the same way.
Sink and wall details
An undermount sink should show an even reveal around the rim and a clean bead of sealant with no gaps. At the wall, the gap between the top and the backsplash line should be small and evenly caulked. Older houses near the Mississippi State Capitol or the Eudora Welty House in Jackson often have walls that are not straight, so a thin, consistent caulk line is the honest result. A gap that wanders from nothing to a quarter inch points to a rushed template.
Other materials
Laminate, solid surface and butcher block are checked the same way: flat, tight seams, sealed edges, a level set. Butcher block needs finish on every cut edge, including the sink cutout. Solid surface seams should nearly vanish, while a laminate seam will always be visible at the joint.